Frecuencia de anticuerpos anti-transglutaminasa y antiendomisio en pacientes con diabetes tipo 1 / Association of type 1 diabetes mellitus with celiac disease

Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus and celiac disease share common genetic and immunological aspects and celiac disease is more common among type 1 diabetic patients. Aim: To determine the frequency of anti endomysial and anti transglutaminase antibodies among patients with type 1 diabetes. Material and Methods: Anti endomysialantibodies determined by indirect immunofluorescence an anti transglutaminase antibodies determined by ELISA were measured in 410 serum samples of patients with type 1 diabetes. Results: Seventy one samples (17 percent) had positive anti transglutaminase antibodies. Among these, 17 had also positive anti endomysial antibodies. In 11 of these 17 patients, the presence of celiac disease was confirmed. Conclusions: Among patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, the frequency of celiac disease is three times higher than in the general population.

Evaluación de un ingrediente funcional para el control glicémico en humanos / Evaluation of a functional ingredient for glycemic control in human

The prevalence of non-transmissible chronic diseases such as obesity, dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes, among others, have increased worldwide. One way to prevent and/or control them is through bioactive food compounds that can be incorporated as functional ingredients (IF). The IF isa compound IF: apple pomace, opuntia palette, tomato pomace and rice bran. Objective: Assess the functional ingredient (IF) for glycemic control in humans. Subjects and Methods: 48 Subjects, both sexes, aged between 40 and 60. Divided into three groups: non-obese (NO), obese (OB) and diabetic (DM) with 16 subjects per group. Subjects consumed 600 g daily of nonfat yogurt with artificial sweetener. 50 percent of the subjects in each group received yogurt with IF and 50 percent without IF for 44 days. Metabolic control of capillary blood glucose was performed weekly, of nutrition every week, as well as basal metabolic control, 22 and 44 with: fasting blood glucose, lipid profile, tolerance test to glucose with 2 point sampling and calculation of HOMA-IR. All analyses were performed at the Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile. The statistical analysis included measures of central tendency and dispersion. They compared the effect of the intervention vs control using the Mann-Whitney U test for independent samples and the Chi2 test for categorical variables. Results:15 subjects from the DM group, 16 from OB and 10 from NO completed the experiment. Significant differences were found between the intervention group and the placebo in the obese group, in the weight variation of the basal-22 days, 22-44 and basal-44 days with p = 0.007, p = 0.001 and p = 0.001respectively, and significant differences in the NO group between the placebo and intervention groups in the variation basal-22 days for HOMA-IR (p = 0.010) and 44 -22 days for LDL (p = 0.045). Conclusion: In this study no significant differences were found for subjects stratified into...

Polimorfismos del gen del receptor de muerte celular programada 1 (PDCD1) y diabetes tipo 1 en población Chilena / Programmed cell death 1 (PDCD1) gene polymorphisms and type 1 diabetes in Chilean children

Background: Programmed cell death 1 (PDCD-1) immune-receptor is a key element in the negative regulation of peripheral tolerance in T cells. Several polymorphisms of this gene have been described and it is linked with susceptibility to autoimmune diseases like Lupus and Multiple Sclerosis. Aim: To analyze four gene polymorphisms of PDCD-1 gene and explore its possible contribution as a susceptibility gene for type 1 diabetes (T1D). Patients and Methods: We analyzed 160 cases with T1D of recent diagnosis aged 9.5 ± 3.3 years and 160 control children aged 10.7 ± 3.1 years. Four genetic variants of PDCD-1 gene were studied (PD1.2; PD1.5; PD1.6 and PD1.9) by polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzymes. Autoantibodies GAD65 and anti-IA-2 were also measured in all studied children. The comparison of allelic and genotypic frequency and consistency with respect to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test were analyzed using Chi-square and Fisher exact test. Results: No differences between cases and controls were observed for PDCD1.2; PDCD1.5 and PDCD1.9 polymorphisms. PDCD1.6 polymorphism (carriers of allele A) had a higher frequency in the control group (0.794 versus 0.644, p < 0.017). There was no particular association of these polymorphisms with anti- GAD65 and anti-IA-2 antibodies among patients with T1D. Conclusions: Only PDCD1.6 polymorphism showed differences between T1D cases and controls. Possibly, none of these genetic variants of PDCD1 has a relevant role as a marker for T1D in the Chilean population.

[Association of GHRd3 variant of growth hormone receptor gene with autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes]. / Asociación de la variante GHRd3 del receptor de la hormona de crecimiento con autoinmunidad en la diabetes tipo 1.

BACKGROUND: Growth Hormone Receptor (GRH) is expressed in the liver, pancreas, stomach and small intestine. A high expression of GHR mRNA in the mucosal gut suggests a possible role of this receptor on digestive and immune functions. AIM: To investigate the putative effects of the GHRd3 variants on the cytokine profile and distribution of auto-antibodies in children with type 1 diabetes (T1D). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Unrelated unaffected controls (n =192) and incident cases of children with T1D (n =127) were analyzed for GHRd3 polymorphism, cytokine profile and a panel of auto-antibodies. RESULTS: The allele frequency for d3 was 24.8% in type 1 diabetics and 34.1% in controls (p =NS). Among type 1 diabetic children, the carriers of the GHRd3 polymorphism had significantly higher levels of interleukin-lB than homozygous for the wild type genotype (5.7 and 17.7, pg/ml respectively p <0.015). Carriers of d3 variant had a higher frequency of positive anti-insulin antibodies (anti-IAA) than children without this variant (39.6 and 17.7% respectively, p <0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The observed frequency of the GHR d3/d3 genotype was comparable to other reports. A relationship between d3 variant and anti-IAA antibodies and interleukin-lss was observed.

Asociación de la variante GHRd3 del receptor de la hormona de crecimiento con autoinmunidad en la diabetes tipo 1 / Association of GHRd3 variant of growth hormone receptor gene with autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes

Background: Growth Hormone Receptor (GRH) is expressed in the liver, pancreas, stomach and small intestine. A high expression of GHR mRNA in the mucosal gut suggests a possible role of this receptor on digestive and immune functions. Aim: To investigate the putative effects of the GHRd3 variants on the cytokine profile and distribution of auto-antibodies in children with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Material and Methods: Unrelated unaffected controls (n =192) and incident cases of children with T1D (n =127) were analyzed for GHRd3 polymorphism, cytokine profile and a panel of auto-antibodies. Results: The allele frequency for d3 was 24.8 percent in type 1 diabetics and 34.1 percent in controls (p =NS). Among type 1 diabetic children, the carriers of the GHRd3 polymorphism had significantly higher levels of interleukin-lB than homozygous for the wild type genotype (5.7 and 17.7, pg/ml respectively p <0.015). Carriers of d3 variant had a higher frequency of positive anti-insulin antibodies (anti-IAA) than children without this variant (39.6 and 17.7 percent respectively, p <0.01). Conclusions: The observed frequency of the GHR d3/d3 genotype was comparable to other reports. A relationship between d3 variant and anti-IAA antibodies and interleukin-1ß was observed.

Niveles plasmáticos de citoquinas IL-1ß, IL2 e IL-4 en niños diabéticos tipo 1 de diagnóstico reciente y su asociación con anticuerpos ß pancreáticos / Plasma levels of interleukin-1, interleukin-2 and interleukin-4 in recently diagnosed type 1 diabetic children and their association with ß-pancreatic autoantibodies

Background: Type 1 diabetes is an organ specifc autoimmune disease whose incidence is increasing worldwide. A functional imbalance in cytokine production resulting in dominance of T helper (Th1) over Th2-type response has been suggested to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Aim: To measure serum concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-2 and IL-4 in children with recently diagnosed type 1 diabetes and to evaluate the autoimmune response measuring glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) and tyrosine phosphatase like (IA-2) autoantibodies. Patients and Methods: 120 diabetic children and 118 age and gender matched control children, were recruited for this study. Circulating levels of IL-1ß, IL-2 and IL-4 were measured by ELISA. GAD65 and IA-2 were measured by RIA. Results: Circulating levels of IL-1ß were elevated in type 1 diabetic children as compared to the control group (9.3±7.3 and 4.9±3.8 pg/ml respectively, p=0,01). Serum concentration of IL-2 was also higher in diabetic patients (19.8±13.1 and 11.3±9.1 pg/ml respectively, p=0,01). No differences in serum IL-4 were observed between diabetics and control. Diabetic children with one or two positive autoantibodies (IA-2 and/or GAD65) had significantly higher levels of IL-1ß and IL-2 and lower levels of IL-4 than diabetic children without positive autoantibodies. High concentrations of IL-1ß were associated with an early onset of the disease. Conclusions: High levels of IL-1ß and IL-2 were found in diabetic children with recent diagnosis of the disease. Diabetics with positive antibodies against GAD65 and IA-2 had higher levels of IL-1ß and IL-2 and lower levels of IL-4 than their counterparts without positive antibodies.

Perfil de auto anticuerpos y lactancia materna en pacientes diabéticos tipo 1 / Auto-antibody levels and history of breast-feeding in type 1 diabetic patients

Background: Islet cell-specific autoantibodies such as islet cell antibody (ICA), antiinsulin (IAA), anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and anti-tyrosine phosphatase (IA2) can be present in patients with type I diabetes. Breast feeding duration and the early exposure to milk substitutes are environmental factors associated to etiology of type 1 diabetes. Aim To study the frequency of the anti-GAD, anti-IA-2 e ICA antibodies in Chilean type 1 diabetic patients and determine the possible modulator effect of the breast feeding. Patients and methods: One hundred thirty four type I diabetic patients, aged one to 15 years old, were studied at the moment of their diagnosis. Patients were classified according to the duration of exclusive breast feeding. IA-2 and GAD were determined by radio immuno assay and ICA by means of indirect immunofluorescence. Results: Subjects with three months or less and those with more than three months of breast feeding were positive for ICA in 78.8 and 90.6 per cent of cases respectively, for GAD in 75 and 54.6 per cent of cases respectively (p=0.024) and for IA-2 in 73 and 43.8 per cent of cases respectively (p=0.001). All three antibodies were positive in 53.9 and 21.8 per cent of children with less or more than three months of breast feeding (p=0.001). Conclusion: Both IA-2 and GAD antibodies are less frequently positive in type 1 diabetic patients who have been breast fed for more than three months. These findings suggest a possible attenuating role of exclusive breast feeding on pancreatic aggression events in patients with type 1 diabetes